Why "significant" results from tiny studies are inflated
A small, underpowered study finds a "significant" effect and reports a large estimate. A colleague argues that low power just means you usually miss real effects, so if you did find one, it must be solid.
Explain why a significant result from an underpowered study is systematically biased upward in magnitude, and what to do about it.
Your answer
This one is open-ended. Work it through, then check your reasoning against the full solution.